guidol

Hi all. For a new video I've made a list with my most used/useful terminal commands.
Please let me know what I've missed, or which commands you use most.
 
Useful Linux commands for Ubuntu/Debian --------------------------------------- Update/Install -------------- sudo apt update Update repolists sudo apt upgrade Upgrade system/programs sudo apt autoremove Remove obsolete programs sudo apt install programName Install program sudo apt remove programName Remove program sudo aptitude install When having issue's with apt, aptitude can help to solve this sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade Update and upgrade together/You can run multiple commands with && sudo dpkg -i packageName.deb Install .deb file Root user --------- sudo passwd Change root password su Super User/Enter root user Debug/Monitor ------------- dmesg Shows debug messages uname -a Shows basic system information env Shows the environment information htop Hardware monitor Switch terminal --------------- ctrl + ALT + F4 (F1 - F6) Open new terminal 4 ctrl + ALT + F1 Go back to terminal 1 ctrl + ALT + F7 Go back to desktop Reboot/Shutdown --------------- sudo reboot Reboot sudo shutdown now Shutdown CPU Tools --------- cpufreq-set -g performance Set governor to performance cpufreq-set -u 2Ghz Set max frequency for all cores cpufreq-set -c 0-1 -u 1.8Ghz Set max frequency for specific cores lscpu | grep MHz Show cpu frequency taskset -c 3 programName Use a specific core for an application Files/Directories ----------------- nano /home/fileToRemove.txt Create a txt file with Nano. You could use any other texteditor. touch filename Create an empty file, no matter what kind cat /home/fileToRemove.txt Shows the content of a file cp /home/fileToRemove.txt /home/copy.txt Copy file find /home/ -iname "*.txt" Search files that end with .txt comm /home/fileToRemove.txt /home/copy.txt Compare files rm /home/fileToRemove.txt Remove file mv /home/copy.txt ~/Documents/ Move file mkdir /home/directoryToGoTo/ Create directory cd /home/directoryToGoTo/ Go to directory ls List directory ls -l Gives more information about every file/directory ls -l filename.txt Gives file information pwd Show current working directory cd .. Go to the above directory rmdir /home/directoryToGoTo/ Remove directory wget http://www.website.com/file.txt Download file Zip/Tar/GunZip -------------- zip myzip file1 file2 file3 Create zip file unzip myzip.zip Unzip file tar xvf filename.tar gunzip filename_tar.gz Mount drives/USB Devices ------------ lsusb List USB devices lsblb List attached drives mount /mount/mountedDisk /dev/sda2 Mount drive sudo chmod -R 777 /mount/mountedDisk Give user read/write permissions df -a List all filesystems Swap file/ZRam -------------- sudo apt install zram-config Install zram script sudo fallocate -l 8G /swapfile Allocate 8GB for swapfile sudo chmod 600 /swapfile Give the correct rights for the swapfile sudo mkswap /swapfile Make it a swapfile sudo swapon /swapfile Turn on the swapfile sudo nano /etc/fstab Open fstab and add the line ... |_ /swapfile swap swap defaults 0 0 Wifi ---- sudo nano /etc/network/interfaces and write: auto wlan0 iface wlan0 inet dhcp wpa-ssid {ssid} wpa-psk {password} OR nmcli device wifi rescan Scan for available wifi networks nmcli device wifi list Show available wifi networks nmcli device wifi connect SSID-Name password wireless-password Connect wifi ip a Show ip ifconfig iwconfig Change Keyboard Layout ---------------------- sudo dpkg-reconfigure keyboard-configuration Set keyboard layout Add display resolution ---------------------- cvt 2560 1440 60 Select the display resolution you want # 2560x1440 59.96 Hz (CVT 3.69M9) hsync: 89.52 kHz; pclk: 312.25 MHz Modeline "2560x1440_60.00" 312.25 2560 2752 3024 3488 1440 1443 1448 1493 -hsync +vsync xrandr --newmode "2560x1440_60.00" 312.25 2560 2752 3024 3488 1440 1443 1448 1493 -hsync +vsync Add resolution, everything after Modeline from cvt is copied after newmode xrandr --addmode HDMI-1 2560x1440_60.00 Add the new resolution to your display xrandr --newmode "2560x1440_60.00" 312.25 2560 2752 3024 3488 1440 1443 1448 1493 -hsync +vsync && xrandr --addmode HDMI-1 2560x1440_60.00 Others ------ reset Clear terminal shift + page up Scroll up shift + page down Scroll down tab Autocomplete ctrl + c Quit for many programs date Show date/time cal Show calender Funny commands -------------- sl First need to install "sudo apt install sl", then try it out. It's great :) sl -alF cmatrix fortune/fortune-mod cowsay figlet toilet ponysay inxi cat /dev/urandom :(){ :|:& };: Endless loop (useful to test CPU maximized temperatures) Armbian ------- sudo armbianmonitor -m sudo armbian-config change cpu settings sudo nano /etc/default/cpufrequtils Made by NicoD  

@5kft I edited my table a bit less conservative - setting also 960 and 1008Mhz to 1.1V.
 
and the OPi Zero Plus2 H5 "does work" - i dont know how good, but for testing reasons it seems to be OK for me
  hardware limits: 480 MHz - 1.01 GHz
  available frequency steps: 480 MHz, 648 MHz, 816 MHz, 960 MHz, 1.01 GHz
idle:
  cpufreq stats: 480 MHz:95.51%, 648 MHz:0.15%, 816 MHz:0.70%, 960 MHz:0.01%, 1.01 GHz:3.63%  (142)
 

Hi @guidol, my guess is that you are seeing the crash at boot on your board because of the default hardware limitation in the Plus2.  Using the default opp table you can run an Plus2 at higher clock rates than 816MHz only if you've added the missing MOSFET part (see thread at https://forum.armbian.com/topic/6866-orange-pi-zero-plus2-h5-hardware-oddity-in-vdd_cpux-power-circuit/).
 
The default opp table is requiring 1.2v for operation at 960MHz+, and the regulator output for an unmodified OPi Plus2 is 1.1v.  It might be possible to reliably push the H5 to 1008MHz at 1.1v, but the default table is more conservative (not sure why).  FWIW I run all my boards at higher speeds, (including my NEO Core2s at 1.4GHz - see https://github.com/5kft/nanopi-misc/blob/master/nanopi-neo-core2-1.4GHz/nanopi-neo-core2-1.4GHz.dts).
 

Yes - I can confirm that the C2 take some time before I can ssh into it... but with normal armbian
 
Debian Buster with Armbian Linux 5.3.0-meson64
package bsp-kernel[5.97.190917] u-boot[5.96] dtb[5.97.190917] firmware[5.96] config[5.96]
 
it took me around 2-3 minutes.
 
After your info about the entropy pool I did found firstly the following page which also suggest havegd:
https://daniel-lange.com/archives/152-Openssh-taking-minutes-to-become-available,-booting-takes-half-an-hour-...-because-your-server-waits-for-a-few-bytes-of-randomness.html
 
But this on my mind,  I compared my NanoPi Neo2 with the C2
 
NanoPi Neo2:
dmesg | grep -E "(rng|random)" [ 0.000000] random: get_random_bytes called from start_kernel+0x2e4/0x478 with crng_init=0 [ 5.888987] random: fast init done [ 7.924082] random: systemd: uninitialized urandom read (16 bytes read) [ 7.933060] random: systemd: uninitialized urandom read (16 bytes read) [ 7.945521] random: systemd: uninitialized urandom read (16 bytes read) [ 11.610613] random: crng init done [ 11.610625] random: 7 urandom warning(s) missed due to ratelimiting Odroid C2:
dmesg | grep -E "(rng|random)" [ 0.000000] random: get_random_bytes called from start_kernel+0x2f4/0x488 with crng_init=0 [ 4.708300] random: fast init done [ 6.124106] random: systemd: uninitialized urandom read (16 bytes read) [ 6.131317] random: systemd: uninitialized urandom read (16 bytes read) [ 6.132394] random: systemd: uninitialized urandom read (16 bytes read) [ 84.643984] random: crng init done [ 84.643999] random: 7 urandom warning(s) missed due to ratelimiting So a hugh difference between 11 and 84 in counting,
 
As I only got this problem on the Odroid C2 (Amlogic S905) and my Sunvell T95K Pro (Amlogic S912) I searched for a
Amlogic-CPU-Solution and did found the following for the Ordoid C1 (Amlogic S805):
 
[FIXED] Random Number Generator on odroid-c1 ==> Hardware Random Number Generator Accelerator
https://forum.odroid.com/viewtopic.php?f=115&t=8874
https://odroid.com/dokuwiki/doku.php?id=en:c1_hardware_number_generator
 
You have to install rng-tools:
apt-cache search rng-tools rng-tools - Daemon to use a Hardware TRNG rng-tools-debian - daemon to use a Hardware TRNG (classic version) rng-tools5 - Daemon to use a Hardware TRNG sudo apt-get install rng-tools After I did install the rng-tools I could immediately ssh into my C2 then the /etc/rc.local was processed
(do get a voice info on my system).
 
The time to fill the entropy pool is now with 12 as short as on the NanoPi Neo2
dmesg | grep -E "(rng|random)" [ 0.000000] random: get_random_bytes called from start_kernel+0x2f4/0x488 with crng_init=0 [ 4.684192] random: fast init done [ 6.221509] random: systemd: uninitialized urandom read (16 bytes read) [ 6.229215] random: systemd: uninitialized urandom read (16 bytes read) [ 6.230358] random: systemd: uninitialized urandom read (16 bytes read) [ 12.413199] random: crng init done [ 12.413207] random: 7 urandom warning(s) missed due to ratelimiting @zero_derivative Thanks for the info about the entropy pool!
@Igor maybe rng-tools should be an default installed packet on amlogic-devices?
@balbes150 maybe also some users of your Amlogic-images would like this

FWIW My boot delays were much more drastic and consistent across 6 Odroid C2's initially using the minimal image ...
dmesg | grep -E "(rng|random)" [ 0.000000] random: get_random_bytes called from start_kernel+0xa8/0x400 with crng_init=0 [ 3.074316] random: fast init done [ 4.216928] random: systemd: uninitialized urandom read (16 bytes read) [ 4.220823] random: systemd: uninitialized urandom read (16 bytes read) [ 4.221479] random: systemd: uninitialized urandom read (16 bytes read) [ 1846.057161] random: crng init done [ 1846.057175] random: 7 urandom warning(s) missed due to ratelimiting My Odroid C2's also show a ridiculously low amount (single to low double digits) of available entropy without haveged and the rate at which available entropy increases is very very very slow ...
cat /proc/sys/kernel/random/entropy_avail 5  
With haveged it's marginally better, and the rate at which available entropy increases is better than without out it, but still too slow  ...
cat /proc/sys/kernel/random/entropy_avail 77  
With rng-tools installed things are looking much better ...
cat /proc/sys/kernel/random/entropy_avail 2002 and now SSH is available much quicker ...
dmesg | grep -E "(rng|random)" [ 0.000000] random: get_random_bytes called from start_kernel+0xa8/0x400 with crng_init=0 [ 2.954319] random: fast init done [ 4.298379] random: systemd: uninitialized urandom read (16 bytes read) [ 4.308032] random: systemd: uninitialized urandom read (16 bytes read) [ 4.309349] random: systemd: uninitialized urandom read (16 bytes read) [ 10.320571] random: crng init done [ 10.320579] random: 7 urandom warning(s) missed due to ratelimiting Awesome!
 
Thanks @guidol for the rng-tools tip

If you get this working, send a PR (to dev and next) and you don't need to worry about  In case board works well, we could also add an image ... we have it for some other CSC targets as well.

Maybe someone here knows the 8-Bit Guy and the project of his Dream-Computer - the Commander X16
 
You could see the actual state of the real hardware at YT-Video from the 8-Bit Guy:
(Building my Dream Computer - Part 2)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sg-6Cjzzg8s
 
Since the hardware isnt ready/completed yet there is a Emulator which uses SDL2 and can be compiled now (since r30)
also on Linux ARM
 
Github-page of the emulator: https://github.com/commanderx16/x16-emulator https://github.com/commanderx16/x16-emulator/releases Source: https://github.com/commanderx16/x16-emulator/archive/r30.zip or https://github.com/commanderx16/x16-emulator/archive/r30.tar.gz Linux-Binary for PC including the 2 ROMs: https://github.com/commanderx16/x16-emulator/releases/download/r30/x16emu_linux-r30.zip libsdl2-dev hasnt to be compiled from source for armbian, because we have already a installable package
and the runtime libsdl2-2.0-0 is already installed in the desktop image.
 
For compiling the Emulator I used on my NanoPi K1 Plus a fresh compiled (with armbian-build-system) dev-image:
Armbian_5.97_Nanopik1plus_Debian_buster_dev_5.3.0-rc8_desktop
 
For to have all programs for compiling the application I did use 
sudo apt install gcc git make libsdl2-dev zip unzip -y
 
Then we do create a directory and download the source and extract it:
mkdir x16
cd x16
wget https://github.com/commanderx16/x16-emulator/archive/r30.tar.gz
tar -xvf r30.tar.gz
 
Now we change in the newly created directory and do compile with make:
cd x16-emulator-r30/
make
 
For running the emulator we do need the 2 ROMs chargen.bin and rom.bin out of the archive
https://github.com/commanderx16/x16-emulator/releases/download/r30/x16emu_linux-r30.zip
in the same directory as the compile x16emu binary.
 
Now we can run the emulator (here with german keymap):
./x16emu -keymap de
 
Unfortunately the emulator doesnt run very fast, do use only one CPU-core and hasnt idle-support - so the CPU will get really fast very hot (70 Degree).
 
A AMD Phenom II X4 with 4x3GHz max. is about 2 times more faster (100%+200%=300%) than the X16 on the NanoPi K1 Plus
 
 
 


X16_r30_ROMs.zip

I have two boards of nanopi-a64. after following the instructions here to enable usb and hdmi audio, i've tried also making the audio jack working (at least for audio output).
 
I did the inclusion of a custom board config as stated in post #1 of this thread.
 
Here is my patch file I add to <armbian-build-path>/patch/kernel/sunxi-dev/
I named it xxx-xxx-nanopi-a64-fix-usb-and-audio.patch so that it would be executed last on the patching stage of the build.
diff --git a/arch/arm64/boot/dts/allwinner/sun50i-a64-nanopi-a64.dts b/arch/arm64/boot/dts/allwinner/sun50i-a64-nanopi-a64.dts index 9b9d915..0b671c7 100644 --- a/arch/arm64/boot/dts/allwinner/sun50i-a64-nanopi-a64.dts +++ b/arch/arm64/boot/dts/allwinner/sun50i-a64-nanopi-a64.dts @@ -283,3 +283,48 @@ &usbphy { status = "okay"; }; + +&codec { + status = "okay"; +}; + +&codec_analog { + cpvdd-supply = <&reg_eldo1>; + status = "okay"; +}; + +&dai { + status = "okay"; +}; + +&i2s1 { + status = "okay"; +}; + +&i2s2 { + status = "okay"; +}; + +&sound { + simple-audio-card,aux-devs = <&codec_analog>; + simple-audio-card,widgets = "Microphone", "Microphone Jack", + "Headphone", "Headphone Jack"; + simple-audio-card,routing = + "Left DAC", "AIF1 Slot 0 Left", + "Right DAC", "AIF1 Slot 0 Right", + "Headphone Jack", "HP", + "AIF1 Slot 0 Left ADC", "Left ADC", + "AIF1 Slot 0 Right ADC", "Right ADC", + "MIC2", "Microphone Jack"; + status = "okay"; +}; + +&sound_hdmi { + status = "okay"; +}; + +&usb_otg { + dr_mode = "host"; + status = "okay"; +}; + Adding it at the patching stage avoids having to decompile and recompile into dtb and replacing the one at the boot.
So far so good, audio on hdmi and the audio jack works, you just have to set the default sink device on pulse audio's settings if you want to use either audio outputs.
 
Be aware though that is needed to hold the linux-dtb-dev-sunxi and linux-dtb-dev-sunxi64 packages so that the patches above wont be lost when running apt-get upgrade.
 

Holy Mother of God, i found the problem.
 
I found on web blog that for eMMC as they are DDR they need a drive-strength of 40 instead of 30 like it was.
 
            mmc2-pins {
                pins = "PC5\0PC6\0PC7\0PC8\0PC9\0PC10\0PC11\0PC12\0PC13\0PC14\0PC15\0PC24";
                function = "mmc2";
                drive-strength = < 0x28 >; => equual to 40 in decimal
                bias-pull-up;
                phandle = < 0x12 >;
            };
 
So, i guess that now somebody has to update the DTB with a patch.
 
Thanks.
 
Mauricio F.

I think this partially explains
https://github.com/megous/linux/commit/0376281ed8ef09e81dbc6ce72a7b3f7b675962b5#diff-445fc9c5ea648f3611cc61ce04a601ef

My "delete" commit was due to duplicate nodes already present in @megous branch, but I didn't check if his commits was coming from mainstream and were healthy ...
It maybe not only DT issue, but from thermal driver, see here activities in his branch : https://github.com/megous/linux/commits/orange-pi-5.3/drivers/thermal/sun8i_thermal.c
 

Hi Martinayotte and Guidol:
 
So many thanks for you help and effort.
 
I have been deepth analizing the DTB file for BPI M2U and the board schematic from BPI at https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B4PAo2nW2KfndUZobUNSQ0YtalE/view?usp=sharing, and i'm pretty sure that the DTB file was developed to have eMMC like mmc2 and WIFI like mmc1. Nevertheless, the board boots and the kernel load eMMC like mmc1 and the WIFI like mmc2, (i don't know why).
 
I rewrite the bus width to 4 for SD (mmc0) and Wifi (mmc) and width to 8 for eMMC (mmc1) and now the board boots faster and does not crashes when i type fdisk /dev/mmcblk1 like it was before. So now, the board is working perfectly with armbian loaded from SD card, but i'm having problems to create a partition to mmcblk1.
 
As you can see on the attachd image below, the fdisk -l, list the mmcblk1 with the right size (7.3 GB), them i'm creating a new partition and writing the partition table without any issues, but once done,  the new partition never gets to the disk, and fdisk -l shows the disk like if was before. Of course, whithout a partition i can not format the eMMC and can not use nand-sata-install.
 
This only happens with armbian, because with bananapi images there was no issue to create the partition and save it to the disk like mmcblk1p1. 
 
Even worse, if the eMMC disk has been partitioned and it is not formatted again, i really don't know why armbian (kernel) can not see that partition that was done with BPI images if it is Ext4.
 
Regards,
 
Mauricio F.
 
 
 
 

No, I've an M2U and don't have the issue, as I've said it is probably that yours has a defective AP6212.
You can avoid DTB updates using "apt-mark hold linux-dtb-dev-meson64_5.94_arm64.deb" for example.

I always freeze firmware updates when using custom build kernel images on my boards to avoid issues like this.

That should be pretty easy to fix by commenting or erasing the duplicate in our patch.
I will look at it ...
 
EDIT: removal of guilty patches is now done !
https://github.com/armbian/build/commit/b53556a5f1ada29169d08b6a106a01f87d763774

armbian for OPi PC2 H5-CPU is 64bit (aarch64)

I used both buster and ubuntu images (Armbian_5.91_Nanopineo4_Debian_buster_default_4.4.179_desktop.img    and    Armbian_5.90_Nanopineo4_Ubuntu_bionic_default_4.4.179_desktop.img), both have no wifi, only show "device not ready". So I extracted firmware from official friendly desktop image and unzip to /lib/firmware/rkwifi/ and wifi works. I'm a newbie and hope this could be fixed properly soon.
 
For those new to linux like me, download the attachment, extract everything to /lib/firmware/rkwifi/, reboot and wifi should be there.
ap6212.zip

Did you use the armbian-build-system for generating the image/kernel? :  https://github.com/armbian/build
This can be done in a VirtualBox or a unused real PC.
I think there you havent to activate much i2c stuff, but after booting activating i2c through the armbian-config and reboot.
 
For myself I disconnected the OLED-Screen and did put the Neo2 now in the silver NAS-Case from FriendlyARM
and connected a LCD2USB-Display which can be used with LCD4Linux e.g. like 
USB port 1602 LCD Module for Pi (LCD2USB)
https://www.friendlyarm.com/index.php?route=product/product&amp;product_id=136
 

1/2 into that direction.
 

Tested on forgotten boards in first AllWinner's garden Tour : nanopiduo2, nanopineo2, nanopim1plus2 and bananapim2plus ...

Great Job @martinayotte !
I did a new compile with 5.3 - and no exception anymore AND restart does work
(also while using the NAS-Hat for the OPi Zero on the OPi R1  )
login as: root root@192.168.6.101's password: ___ ____ _ ____ _ / _ \| _ \(_) | _ \/ | | | | | |_) | | | |_) | | | |_| | __/| | | _ <| | \___/|_| |_| |_| \_\_| Welcome to Debian Buster with Armbian Linux 5.3.0-rc3-sunxi package bsp-kernel[5.94] u-boot[5.94] dtb[5.94] firmware[5.94] config[5.94] System load: 0.72 0.26 0.09 Up time: 1 min Memory usage: 32 % of 238MB IP: 192.168.6.101 CPU temp: 46°C Usage of /: 7% of 15G Last login: Fri Aug 16 23:42:39 2019 from 192.168.6.17 root@opi-r1(192.168.6.101):~#  

Great Job @martinayotte !
I did a new compile with 5.3 - and no exception anymore AND restart does work
(also while using the NAS-Hat for the OPi Zero on the OPi R1  )
login as: root root@192.168.6.101's password: ___ ____ _ ____ _ / _ \| _ \(_) | _ \/ | | | | | |_) | | | |_) | | | |_| | __/| | | _ <| | \___/|_| |_| |_| \_\_| Welcome to Debian Buster with Armbian Linux 5.3.0-rc3-sunxi package bsp-kernel[5.94] u-boot[5.94] dtb[5.94] firmware[5.94] config[5.94] System load: 0.72 0.26 0.09 Up time: 1 min Memory usage: 32 % of 238MB IP: 192.168.6.101 CPU temp: 46°C Usage of /: 7% of 15G Last login: Fri Aug 16 23:42:39 2019 from 192.168.6.17 root@opi-r1(192.168.6.101):~#  

No ! it is there as wifi-3002-add-realtek-8189es.patch ...
As I said in EDIT2, I was a bit blind earlier ...
I will fix that patch for 5.3.y !

Furthermore... these i2cset commands work:
 
i2cset -f -y 1 0x18 0x52 3 # turn off both LEDs
i2cset -f -y 1 0x18 0x52 2 # turn off white, turn on red
i2cset -f -y 1 0x18 0x52 1 # turn off red, turn on white
i2cset -f -y 1 0x18 0x52 0 # turn on both red and white
 

In my case, I've done the tour of my AllWinner's garden : OPiPC+, OPiOne, OPiZero, OPi+2E, OPiPC2, OPi3, OPiOne+, OPiZero+2, OPiWin, OPiPrime, Pine64 and OlinuxinoA64.