There is effectively an issue with this image (containing a qemu core file at the root): https://mirrors.dotsrc.org/armbian-dl/odroidxu4/archive/Armbian_23.02.1_Odroidxu4_bullseye_current_5.4.232_minimal.img.xz
I've rebuilt the image myself (https://github.com/armbian/build#getting-started) and the new built image is working like a charm (boot : OK, installing OS on SATA : OK)
Waiting the image to be updated on Armbian website, people facing the same issue can get the image here: https://dl.grunlab.net/armbian/
grunlab's post in Odroid HC1 - Armbian Bullseye Minimal - Unable to boot was marked as the answer