I closed my PR to downgrade all NanoPC-T6 boards to use HS200 mode, since there are other folks who do have the NanoPC-T6 and can successfully use HS400 mode.
@SuperKali opened up a PR to downgrade all NanoPC-T6 boards to use HS400 mode without enhanced strobe as "This should maintains the same ~400MB/s throughput while eliminating I/O errors under load.".
I tried applying the patch on my board, but unfortunately still hit I/O errors.
@SuperKali had suggested on my original PR to try reducing the eMMC frequency from the default 200000000 to 150000000. I created an overlay for this... and it worked!
I'm going to prepare a PR tomorrow to add that overlay as a kernel overlay, so that others who are experiencing this issue can opt-in to it without needing to find this thread and copy the overlay file.