I am progressing with this. Burned Armbian_5.25_Cubieboard_Debian_jessie_next_4.9.7.img to the second card again, booted, upgraded - now got linux-image-next-sunxi and linux-dtb-next-sunxi versions 5.26 instead of 5.27.2017<...> - so apparently you fixed packages in repository successfully. I then connected both the first and the second SD cards to PC and copied /boot/ directory from 2nd to 1st, edited /boot/armbianEnv.txt with correct UUID of 1st card and booted OS in emergency mode (see below). Removed linux-image-next-sunxi and linux-dtb-next-sunxi packages and installed them again, this time getting versions 5.26.
OS boots in emergency mode and:
How can I repair the modules now?