That was very kind of you, thank you!
I have finally found the problem after hours of looking up for documentation and retries. I had the idea to take a PC monitor and plug the RockPro64 on it to see what kind of error it could throw, and work from there :
Uboot seem to boot only on the first SATA drive of the list : I had a SATA card with 4 ports, I plugged my SDD in the port 1 and my two other drives in the 3 and 4.
Uboot does not like BTRFS. Once I have plugged the SSD on the port 1, I had a initramfs error, so I went again in armbian-config, used the "Boot from SPI - System on SATA" option, and this time I chosed Ext4 instead of BTRFS.
It's working now. I could have found a way to put only the /boot on an Ext4 partition and the system on BTRFS, but I have lost too much time and I'm gettting lazy, so I'll just leave it that way, Ext4 is perfectly fine anyway.
Thanks for you help !