Thanks for this suggestion, @gilarelli. I could not manage to find what actually went wrong in the upgrade from 21.08 to 22.02 but I could also verify that downgrading those four packages back to 21.08 fixed the issue. Regarding the apt issue in the chroot env you mentioned, it was either a missing/misconfigured /etc/resolv.conf in the chroot env or if it wasn't a dns issue, you might have not mounted /dev in the env? Regarding the latter, I know that apt makes use of /dev/null, for example. In my case, I mounted /dev and /run in addition to /proc and /sys, cleaned apt cache, rebuilt the lists, and was able to implement the solution (downgrading the culprit packages) using apt alone.
For anyone interested, I documented the temporary fix suggested by @gilarelli in more detail on my blog post about the NanoPi-M4 mini-NAS (see the Recovery procedures section): https://cgomesu.com/blog/Nanopi-m4-mini-nas/#recovery-procedures.
CG