small update. i've just installed armbian jammy with xfce from rolling releases from ci pipeline, which was released on mar 7, 2023. i installed the system same way as before without any issues. and the booting on that laptop from usb key also works as it should.
i was thinking about and rembered, that yesterday i was playing with the tools and tried for the installation tool armbian-install. currently there is only support for installing on sd/emmc, but i tried. i don't have deep understanding about linux boot sequence, but i thought, if there is exact uuid of the root disk, it will start booting from the laptop instead of usb key then (but it's strange, that on the disk without that disk, is booting from usb key normally). to check this, i tried to do the same procedure on the second laptop with newly installed armbian jammy. so i ran armbian-install, rebooted the computer and tried to boot from usb key. and the system was loaded from usb key as it should. when i tried to boot on laptop with armbian bullseye, the system again started from laptop.
so i don't know, where is the problem 😞