Meanwhile, I managed to do it another way:
- "Boot from eMMC / system on eMMC" via armbian-install -> that creates two partitions on eMMC, one boot, one rootfs
- fdisk, mkfs.ext4 on nvme, rsync all files from rootfs eMMC partition to nvme
- note down UUID of nvme partition from blkid, replace it in /etc/fstab and /boot/armbianEnv.txt, reboot
- nuke rootfs partition on eMMC as it's not used anymore
Did you boot from eMMC? You mention no SD card, yet somehow you could run armbian prior to install it; or PXE boot?