@amazingfate Thank you, i'm sorry about my clumsiness...
finally i could install the mali g610 firmware, but now 'startx' can't start:
X.Org X Server 1.21.1.7
X Protocol Version 11, Revision 0
Current Operating System: Linux rock-5b 6.8.0-rc1-edge-rockchip-rk3588 #1 SMP PREEMPT Sun Jan 21 22:11:32 UTC 2024 aarch64
Kernel command line: root=UUID=fb37e203-0f28-4a83-8200-4d1b92192ca3 rootwait rootfstype=ext4 splash=verbose console=ttyS2,1500000 console=tty1 consoleblank=0 loglevel=1 ubootpart=dbfff1e9-1afa-704c-8661-c1a273d2de36 usb-storage.quirks=0x2537:0x1066:u,0x2537:0x1068:u cgroup_enable=cpuset cgroup_memory=1 cgroup_enable=memory swapaccount=1
xorg-server 2:21.1.7-3+deb12u5 (https://www.debian.org/support)
Current version of pixman: 0.42.2
Before reporting problems, check http://wiki.x.org
to make sure that you have the latest version.
Markers: (--) probed, (**) from config file, (==) default setting,
(++) from command line, (!!) notice, (II) informational,
(WW) warning, (EE) error, (NI) not implemented, (??) unknown.
(==) Log file: "/var/log/Xorg.0.log", Time: Sat Mar 2 15:45:43 2024
(==) Using config directory: "/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d"
(==) Using system config directory "/usr/share/X11/xorg.conf.d"
free(): double free detected in tcache 2
(EE)
(EE) Backtrace:
(EE) 0: /usr/lib/xorg/Xorg (OsLookupColor+0x188) [0xaaaae1ffb7e8]
(EE) unw_get_proc_info failed: no unwind info found [-10]
(EE)
(EE)
Fatal server error:
(EE) Caught signal 6 (Aborted). Server aborting
(EE)
(EE)
Please consult the The X.Org Foundation support
at http://wiki.x.org
for help.
(EE) Please also check the log file at "/var/log/Xorg.0.log" for additional information.
(EE)
(EE) Server terminated with error (1). Closing log file.
i gave up at this point 😕