It boots with a freshly dd-ed image, seems to be resizing the fs, but next boot always failes: only violet (blue+red) LED, and nothing on the screen. Not sure what does it damage during the initial boot. I've checked the loader at 0x4000 on my SD card, seems to be present, so it should not be the case. Also, I've tried to resize the partition on another system before the initial boot and to disable the resize2fs script. Result is the same: initial boot is successful, than I have to dd Armbian image to the SD card to make it boot once more.
I think I'll try to disable few more scripts from /etc/init.d in attempt to find out what damages the installation during the initial boot.