Thanks, Werner!
The official Armbian documentation states that the version should be 20.08.17 or newer, with Kernel 3.10 or higher.
I thought I was in the clear with Armbian_23.02.3_Orangepizero2_bullseye_legacy_4.9.318.
https://docs.armbian.com/User-Guide_Advanced-Features/#how-to-run-docker
Perhaps this requirement applies to an older version of Docker. I'm considering trying a 1-2-year-old version of Docker to see if it works. Not sure if it makes sense.
I've attempted to install three different versions of Bullseye (edge and current) with a kernel >4.9 (5.15.x or 6.2), but none of them boot up on the Orange Pi Zero 2. Unfortunately, The only versions that boot up have kernel 4.9.
https://www.armbian.com/orange-pi-zero-2/