Thank you very much for your suggestions; I have tested both of them using Protonge. I replaced the BdO launcher to rule out any issues with Chinese language support. Both suggestions caused the launcher to display an error window. Furthermore, I tested the solution involving DXVK using Wine 11.4 staging, but the launcher only displayed a black window; I have uploaded the logs and screenshots. Additionally, I downloaded the Windows version of VKcube, which displays the rotating cube correctly.
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log-protonge.txt
log-wine11.4staging.txt