Search the Community

Hello everybody, I tried building an in-kernel module for USB Dongle Bus 001 Device 003: ID 2357:0120 TP-Link Archer T2U PLUS [RTL8821AU] on my OrangePi Plus. Armbian supplied module from aircrack-ng/rtl8812au has become aging and raises exception errors on modprobe -r. It was deactivated : root@orangepiplus:/etc/modprobe.d# vi blacklist-88XXau.conf #blacklist 88XXau I made a fresh install of Armbian minimal image, then switched to : root@orangepiplus:~# uname -a Linux orangepiplus 6.15.4-edge-sunxi #1 SMP Fri Jun 27 10:13:43 UTC 2025 armv7l GNU/Linux root@orangepiplus:/usr/src# cat /proc/version Linux version 6.15.4-edge-sunxi (build@armbian) (arm-linux-gnueabihf-gcc (Ubuntu 13.3.0-6ubuntu2~24.04) 13.3.0, GNU ld (GNU Binutils for Ubuntu) 2.42) #1 SMP Fri Jun 27 10:13:43 UTC 2025 root@orangepiplus:/usr/src# zcat /proc/config.gz | grep CC_VERSION CONFIG_CC_VERSION_TEXT="arm-linux-gnueabihf-gcc (Ubuntu 13.3.0-6ubuntu2~24.04) 13.3.0" CONFIG_GCC_VERSION=130300 root@orangepiplus:/usr/src# zcat /proc/config.gz | grep STACKPROTECTOR CONFIG_CC_HAVE_STACKPROTECTOR_TLS=y CONFIG_STACKPROTECTOR_PER_TASK=y CONFIG_HAVE_STACKPROTECTOR=y CONFIG_STACKPROTECTOR=y CONFIG_STACKPROTECTOR_STRONG=y Headers were downloaded with armbian-config : root@orangepiplus:/mnt/sda2/src/linux-6.15.4# drwxr-xr-x 25 root root 4096 Aug 21 21:40 linux-headers-6.15.4-edge-sunxi Then performed usual build process: root@orangepiplus:/usr/src# sudo git clone --depth 1 --branch linux-6.15.y https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git root@orangepiplus:/usr/src# sudo ln -s /usr/src/linux /lib/modules/$(uname -r)/build root@orangepiplus:/usr/src# ls -al /lib/modules/$(uname -r)/build lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 14 Aug 21 22:45 /lib/modules/6.15.4-edge-sunxi/build -> /usr/src/linux cp /boot/config-$(uname -r) /usr/src/linux/.config sudo make olddefconfig sudo make menuconfig Module activated in the following tree : │ Symbol: RTW88 [=m] │ │ Type : tristate │ │ Defined at drivers/net/wireless/realtek/rtw88/Kconfig:2 │ │ Prompt: Realtek 802.11ac wireless chips support │ │ Depends on: NETDEVICES [=y] && WLAN [=y] && WLAN_VENDOR_REALTEK [=y] && MAC80211 [=m] │ │ Location: │ │ -> Device Drivers │ │ -> Network device support (NETDEVICES [=y]) │ │ -> Wireless LAN (WLAN [=y]) │ │ -> Realtek devices (WLAN_VENDOR_REALTEK [=y]) │ │ (1) -> Realtek 802.11ac wireless chips support (RTW88 [=m]) root@orangepiplus:/usr/src/linux# grep -E 'CONFIG_RTW88_CORE|CONFIG_RTLWIFI|CONFIG_RTW88_8821AU' .config CONFIG_RTLWIFI=m CONFIG_RTLWIFI_USB=m # CONFIG_RTLWIFI_DEBUG is not set CONFIG_RTW88_CORE=m CONFIG_RTW88_8821AU=m cp /usr/src/linux-headers-6.15.4-edge-sunxi/Module.symvers /usr/src/linux/ Then compiled with: root@orangepiplus:/usr/src/linux# sudo make -j$(nproc) ARCH=arm CROSS_COMPILE=arm-linux-gnueabihf- M=drivers/net/wireless/realtek/rtw88 make[1]: Entering directory '/usr/src/linux/drivers/net/wireless/realtek/rtw88' MODPOST Module.symvers CC [M] rtw88_core.mod.o CC [M] .module-common.o CC [M] rtw88_8822b.mod.o CC [M] rtw88_8822bs.mod.o CC [M] rtw88_8822bu.mod.o CC [M] rtw88_8822c.mod.o CC [M] rtw88_8822cs.mod.o ... LD [M] rtw88_core.ko LD [M] rtw88_8822b.ko LD [M] rtw88_8822bs.ko LD [M] rtw88_8822bu.ko LD [M] rtw88_8822c.ko LD [M] rtw88_8822cs.ko LD [M] rtw88_8822cu.ko LD [M] rtw88_8723x.ko LD [M] rtw88_8723d.ko LD [M] rtw88_8723ds.ko LD [M] rtw88_8723du.ko LD [M] rtw88_8821c.ko LD [M] rtw88_8821cs.ko LD [M] rtw88_8821cu.ko LD [M] rtw88_88xxa.ko LD [M] rtw88_8821a.ko LD [M] rtw88_8821au.ko LD [M] rtw88_sdio.ko LD [M] rtw88_usb.ko make[1]: Leaving directory '/usr/src/linux/drivers/net/wireless/realtek/rtw88' root@orangepiplus:/usr/src/linux# modinfo /usr/src/linux/drivers/net/wireless/realtek/rtw88/rtw88_8821au.ko filename: /usr/src/linux/drivers/net/wireless/realtek/rtw88/rtw88_8821au.ko license: Dual BSD/GPL description: Realtek 802.11ac wireless 8821au/8811au driver author: Bitterblue Smith <rtl8821cerfe2@gmail.com> ... alias: usb:v0BDAp0811d*dc*dsc*dp*icFFiscFFipFFin* depends: rtw88_usb,rtw88_8821a name: rtw88_8821au vermagic: 6.15.11 SMP mod_unload ARMv7 thumb2 p2v8 sudo make modules_install ARCH=arm CROSS_COMPILE=arm-linux-gnueabihf- doesn't work. Needs fixing. So I just copied modules to system location : root@orangepiplus:/usr/src/linux# sudo cp /usr/src/linux/drivers/net/wireless/realtek/rtw88/*.ko /lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel/drivers/net/wireless/realtek/rtw88/ root@orangepiplus:/usr/src/linux# sudo depmod -a But loading failed as follows : root@orangepiplus:/usr/src/linux# sudo modprobe rtw88_8821au modprobe: ERROR: could not insert 'rtw88_8821au': Exec format error Aug 22 16:31:52 orangepiplus kernel: module rtw88_88xxa: .gnu.linkonce.this_module section size must match the kernel's built struct module size at run time It appears to be a structural issue, as I also tried building out-of-kernel module from lwfinger/rtw88 I also tried building on Nanopi-r5s. Each time Exec format error was observed despite the module was successfully built. Different analysis point to GCC version mismatch between kernel and build host, ABI incompatibility and subtle build failures, thus causing non-alignment with the kernel buid. Several other build flags were tried to align with the kernel, but in vain. The root cause was not found. I am running out of options now. Could community or development team point to correct approach building an in-kernel module on a running system in native environment ? PS : complementary information : when armbian headers were downloaded with armbian-config, the following build output was observed : /usr/lib/gcc/arm-linux-gnueabihf/12/cc1 -quiet -I ./scripts/include -I ./scripts/dtc/libfdt -imultilib . -imultiarch arm-linux-gnueabihf -D _LARGEFILE_SOURCE -D _FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64 -D NO_YAML -MMD scripts/dtc/.dtc.o.d scripts/dtc/dtc.c -quiet -dumpdir scripts/dtc/ -dumpbase dtc.c -dumpbase-ext .c -mfloat-abi=hard -mtls-dialect=gnu -mthumb -mlibarch=armv7-a+fp -march=armv7-a+fp -O2 -Wall -Wmissing-prototypes -Wstrict-prototypes -std=gnu11 -fomit-frame-pointer -o /tmp/ccY6Z3QK.s It may give some clues on the flags used.

After a recent kernel upgrade on a nanopi-r5s, the NVME device files /dev/nvme0* are no longer present. The relevant part of /var/log/syslog shows: 2025-07-05T20:55:35.716376+02:00 nanopi-r5s kernel: [ 0.000000] Linux version 6.12.35-current-rockchip64 (build@armbian) (aarch64-linux-gnu-gcc (Ubuntu 13.2.0-23ubuntu4) 13.2.0, GNU ld (GNU Binutils for Ubuntu) 2.42) #1 SMP PREEMPT Fri Jun 27 10:11:46 UTC 2025 ... 2025-07-05T20:55:35.719736+02:00 nanopi-r5s kernel: [ 4.491538] nvme nvme0: pci function 0002:01:00.0 2025-07-05T20:55:35.719739+02:00 nanopi-r5s kernel: [ 4.491584] nvme 0002:01:00.0: enabling device (0000 -> 0002) There is a single NVME drive installed and the output of a previous kernel where /dev/nvme0* was present is as follows. 2025-07-05T02:17:37.940170+02:00 nanopi-r5s kernel: [ 0.000000] Booting Linux on physical CPU 0x0000000000 [0x412fd050] 2025-07-05T02:17:37.954269+02:00 nanopi-r5s kernel: [ 0.000000] Linux version 6.12.35-current-rockchip64 (build@armbian) (aarch64-linux-gnu-gcc (Ubuntu 13.3.0-6ubuntu2~24.04) 13.3.0, GNU ld (GNU Binutils for Ubuntu) 2.42) #1 SMP PREEMPT Fri Jun 27 10:11:46 UTC 2025 ... 2025-07-05T02:17:37.969044+02:00 nanopi-r5s kernel: [ 4.406406] nvme nvme0: pci function 0002:01:00.0 2025-07-05T02:17:37.969049+02:00 nanopi-r5s kernel: [ 4.406455] nvme 0002:01:00.0: enabling device (0000 -> 0002) 2025-07-05T02:17:37.969053+02:00 nanopi-r5s kernel: [ 4.540002] nvme nvme0: D3 entry latency set to 10 seconds 2025-07-05T02:17:37.969074+02:00 nanopi-r5s kernel: [ 4.628689] nvme nvme0: allocated 64 MiB host memory buffer. 2025-07-05T02:17:37.969080+02:00 nanopi-r5s kernel: [ 4.737972] nvme nvme0: 4/0/0 default/read/poll queues The contents of /etc/armbian-image-release currently are as follows: # PLEASE DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE BOARD=nanopi-r5s BOARD_NAME="NanoPi R5S" BOARDFAMILY=rockchip64 BUILD_REPOSITORY_URL=https://github.com/armbian/build BUILD_REPOSITORY_COMMIT=f149a11b4 LINUXFAMILY=rockchip64 ARCH=arm64 BOOT_SOC=rk3568 IMAGE_TYPE=nightly BOARD_TYPE=csc INITRD_ARCH=arm64 KERNEL_IMAGE_TYPE=Image KERNEL_TARGET=current,edge KERNEL_TEST_TARGET=current FORCE_BOOTSCRIPT_UPDATE= FORCE_UBOOT_UPDATE= OVERLAY_DIR="/boot/dtb/rockchip/overlay" VENDOR="Armbian_community" VENDORCOLOR="247;16;0" VENDORDOCS="https://docs.armbian.com" VENDORURL="https://github.com/armbian/build" VENDORSUPPORT="https://community.armbian.com/" VENDORBUGS="https://github.com/armbian/community/issues" BOOTSCRIPT_FORCE_UPDATE="no" BOOTSCRIPT_DST="boot.cmd" VERSION=25.8.0-trunk.245 REVISION=25.8.0-trunk.245 IMAGE_UUID=bef97f49-0290-4f2c-9d7a-0229540b307a INSTALLED=true The contents of /etc/armbian-release currently are as follows: # PLEASE DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE BOARD=nanopi-r5s BOARD_NAME="NanoPi R5S" BOARDFAMILY=rockchip64 BUILD_REPOSITORY_URL=https://github.com/armbian/build BUILD_REPOSITORY_COMMIT=034e9253c LINUXFAMILY=rockchip64 ARCH=arm64 BOOT_SOC=rk3568 IMAGE_TYPE=nightly BOARD_TYPE=csc INITRD_ARCH=arm64 KERNEL_IMAGE_TYPE=Image KERNEL_TARGET=current,edge KERNEL_TEST_TARGET=current FORCE_BOOTSCRIPT_UPDATE= FORCE_UBOOT_UPDATE= OVERLAY_DIR="/boot/dtb/rockchip/overlay" VENDOR="Armbian" VENDORCOLOR="247;16;0" VENDORDOCS="https://docs.armbian.com" VENDORURL="https://www.armbian.com/" VENDORSUPPORT="https://forum.armbian.com" VENDORBUGS="https://www.armbian.com/bugs" BOOTSCRIPT_FORCE_UPDATE="no" BOOTSCRIPT_DST="boot.cmd" VERSION=25.8.0-trunk.319 REVISION=25.8.0-trunk.319 BRANCH=6.1.0 Unfortunately, I don't have a version of the file when the NVME device files were still present. If I remember correctly, the working version was 25.8.0-trunk.313 https://github.com/armbian/os/tags Strangely, the current version 25.8.0-trunk.319 shows "(Ubuntu 13.2.0-23ubuntu4) 13.2.0" in the kernel boot output whereas the previous version (probably 25.8.0-trunk.313) shows "(Ubuntu 13.3.0-6ubuntu2~24.04) 13.3.0", i.e., a later version. Is there a way to try version 25.8.0-trunk.313 again or figure out what might be the problem with the current version?

First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to the maintainers for their contributions. This project has helped me a lot, and it runs smoothly on my device. It seems that the status of the nanopi-r5s has been in the staging phase for a long time. I am wondering if there is an opportunity for it to be promoted to the standard support phase. Additionally, I would greatly appreciate having a compiled version of Ubuntu Server. Is there anyone willing to help with this? Thank you very much.

Just wondering when an image will be available for the R5S - I have one here sitting waiting for it 🙂

I installed Armbian on my R5s Armbian 23.8 Bookworm Kernel 6.5, Size: 479Mb, Release date: Sep 18, 2023 On this version, I find the classical problem : a module I want to build does not build. Reason ? apt says : Coundn’t find any package by glob ‘linux-headers-6.5.3-edge-odroid’ And make creates an error because “build” directory is not found. I can find the linux-headers-6.5.3 : https://cdn.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v6.x/linux-6.5.3.tar.gz But where can I find the odroid version ?