For you, 'make an image' means downloading a file from Armbian website and write it to an SD-card. For me, 'make an image' means using the Armbian build environment https://github.com/armbian/build to create an image yourself locally on your computer. This is what 'make an image' is. Already 2 people including myself showed that GPT is corrupted in the image file on the Armbian website. You can assume that the bootloader when run on the board itself also detects that, so it won't boot/proceed. So something goes wrong in the Armbian build infrastructure. However, that is what I assume. So up to you confirm by showing the logs of the bootloader. You need serial console cable for that, so you can copy and paste for sharing that log here on the forum. Other option, a step further ahead, is to make an image yourself. You need a Linux computer/environment for it. It also shows very detailed logs, share that.

https://paste.armbian.com/etukovewas

For once as stated don't use Balena. use Armbian imager or usbimager For the other write the image anyway as it is, try to boot and grab serial logs if there is an actual issue or not.

Huh? How can you create logs when you can't make an image?

No logs - no issue.