An update. I suspect that the issue (or at least 1 issue) is a regression in the handling of MMC (SD card driver in the kernel). I suspect this is a regression as this issue did not hit me on earlier builds. I set up a netconsole, and received the following stack trace: [ 216.236507] I/O error, dev mmcblk0, sector 849688 op 0x0:(READ) flags 0x84700 phys_seg 1 prio class 2 [ 216.524566] EXT4-fs warning (device mmcblk0p2): ext4_end_bio:353: I/O error 10 writing to inode 131108 starting block 323201) [ 216.534718] EXT4-fs warning (device mmcblk0p2): ext4_end_bio:353: I/O error 10 writing to inode 131109 starting block 323202) [ 216.544920] EXT4-fs warning (device mmcblk0p2): ext4_end_bio:353: I/O error 10 writing to inode 131110 starting block 323203) [ 216.560591] EXT4-fs warning (device mmcblk0p2): ext4_end_bio:353: I/O error 10 writing to inode 131111 starting block 323204) [ 216.575914] EXT4-fs (mmcblk0p2): failed to convert unwritten extents to written extents -- potential data loss! (inode 131108, error -5) [ 216.587187] Buffer I/O error on device mmcblk0p2, logical block 270977 [ 216.601434] EXT4-fs (mmcblk0p2): failed to convert unwritten extents to written extents -- potential data loss! (inode 131109, error -5) [ 216.601564] ------------[ cut here ]------------ [ 216.608348] Buffer I/O error on device mmcblk0p2, logical block 270978 [ 216.608383] WARNING: CPU: 0 PID: 129 at drivers/mmc/host/meson-mx-sdio.c:446 meson_mx_mmc_irq_thread+0x168/0x174 [ 216.608467] EXT4-fs (mmcblk0p2): failed to convert unwritten extents to written extents -- potential data loss! (inode 131110, error -5) [ 216.608485] Buffer I/O error on device mmcblk0p2, logical block 270979 [ 216.612894] Modules linked in: rpcsec_gss_krb5 [ 216.619667] EXT4-fs (mmcblk0p2): failed to convert unwritten extents to written extents -- potential data loss! (inode 131111, error -5) [ 216.629626] auth_rpcgss [ 216.629674] Buffer I/O error on device mmcblk0p2, logical block 270980 [ 216.629700] zram [ 216.632164] Aborting journal on device mmcblk0p2-8. [ 216.641941] zsmalloc [ 216.642033] JBD2: I/O error when updating journal superblock for mmcblk0p2-8. [ 216.648457] binfmt_misc [ 216.676718] EXT4-fs error (device mmcblk0p2): __ext4_find_entry:1639: inode #598: comm dpkg-reconfigur: reading directory lblock 0 [ 216.680959] evdev [ 216.681075] EXT4-fs (mmcblk0p2): I/O error while writing superblock [ 216.683223] snd_soc_meson_aiu snd_soc_meson_gx_sound_card snd_soc_hdmi_codec snd_soc_meson_card_utils snd_soc_meson_codec_glue snd_soc_core snd_pcm meson_ir snd_timer rc_core [ 216.683268] EXT4-fs (mmcblk0p2): Remounting filesystem read-only [ 216.683278] thermal_generic_adc snd meson_saradc soundcore cfg80211 rfkill efi_pstore pstore netconsole [ 216.744185] CPU: 0 UID: 0 PID: 129 Comm: irq/35-c1108c20 Not tainted 6.12.47-current-meson #3 [ 216.744207] Hardware name: Amlogic Meson platform [ 216.744212] Call trace: [ 216.744225] unwind_backtrace from show_stack+0x10/0x14 [ 216.744259] show_stack from dump_stack_lvl+0x50/0x64 [ 216.744275] dump_stack_lvl from __warn+0x80/0x11c [ 216.744294] __warn from warn_slowpath_fmt+0x17c/0x188 [ 216.744311] warn_slowpath_fmt from meson_mx_mmc_irq_thread+0x168/0x174 [ 216.744337] meson_mx_mmc_irq_thread from irq_thread_fn+0x1c/0x7c [ 216.744364] irq_thread_fn from irq_thread+0x134/0x224 [ 216.744378] irq_thread from kthread+0xe0/0xfc [ 216.744396] kthread from ret_from_fork+0x14/0x28 [ 216.744411] Exception stack(0xf1075fb0 to 0xf1075ff8) [ 216.744420] 5fa0: 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 [ 216.744428] 5fc0: 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 [ 216.744435] 5fe0: 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000013 00000000 [ 216.744458] ---[ end trace 0000000000000000 ]--- [ 217.163204] mmc0: new high speed SDHC card at address 0002 [ 217.163907] mmcblk0: mmc0:0002 Which suggests the SD card was connected and disconnected. I have already ruled out faulty SD card (happens on any SD card I use, as well as a thorough stress test on the current card prior to use). Further research tells me "The Amlogic Meson8b (S805) SoC’s MMC controller has known quirks." I switched to USB rootfs (external HDD), and I still get the same failure, but as it is just the boot partition being unmounted and remounted the system remains up. Ideally I would propose a patch to fix this, but I am not a kernel developer, and the changes between 3.10 and 6.12 are huge (as to be expected) so identifying what is required and where is non-trivial for me. For now, I am sticking with rootfs on USB as my interim fix, but I am going to keep netconsole up and monitor over the next couple of weeks to see if we hit another issue (when I tested this in the past, I was also getting failures with rootfs on an external USB stick, so I am not convinced I am completely out of the woods yet).

show the output of "mount|grep ro"

AFBC support has been merged to PanVK and will be available in the Mesa 25.3 release! This new enablement reduces memory bandwidth and boosts performance. View the full article

Hi, I’m new to the forum and just wanted to take a moment to appreciate the incredible work Armbian has done for the community. I have been tinkering around with Radxa rock 5 ITX SBC and Armbian. I flashed UEFI EDK2 for Radxa rock 5 ITX  v1.1 from EDK2 porting to RK3588 initiative. While I can install ARM64 version of Ubuntu and Debian, none of them had support for H/W transcoding. So I decided to build an Armbian which used vendor kernel and had `uefi-edk2-3588` extension. Full build report is linked in this Armbian paste ./compile.sh \ BOARD=rock-5-itx \ RELEASE=trixie \ BRANCH=vendor \ BUILD_MINIMAL=yes \ BUILD_DESKTOP=no \ KERNEL_CONFIGURE=no \ NETWORKING_STACK=systemd-networkd \ EXPERT=yes \ CLEAN_LEVEL=extras \ ENABLE_EXTENSIONS=mesa-vpu,uefi-edk2-rk3588 \ KERNEL_BTF=yes \ SHARE_LOG=yes \ CONSOLE_AUTOLOGIN=no \ build I flashed the resulting image to a usb stick and booted system off it. This is when I had encountered problems. armbian-upgrade complained about a readonly system root@rock-5-itx:~# armbian-upgrade Hit:1 http://deb.debian.org/debian trixie InRelease Hit:2 http://deb.debian.org/debian trixie-updates InRelease Hit:3 http://security.debian.org trixie-security InRelease Hit:4 http://deb.debian.org/debian trixie-backports InRelease Hit:5 https://github.armbian.com/configng stable InRelease Ign:6 http://mirror.twds.com.tw/armbian-apt trixie InRelease Err:7 http://mirror.twds.com.tw/armbian-apt trixie Release Could not open file /var/lib/apt/lists/partial/apt.armbian.com_dists_trixie_Release - open (30: Read-only file system) [IP: 103.147.22.36 80] Warning: chown to _apt:root of directory /var/lib/apt/lists/partial failed - SetupAPTPartialDirectory (30: Read-only file system) Warning: chmod 0700 of directory /var/lib/apt/lists/partial failed - SetupAPTPartialDirectory (30: Read-only file system) Warning: chown to _apt:root of directory /var/lib/apt/lists/auxfiles failed - SetupAPTPartialDirectory (30: Read-only file system) Warning: chmod 0755 of directory /var/lib/apt/lists/auxfiles failed - SetupAPTPartialDirectory (30: Read-only file system) Warning: Not using locking for read only lock file /var/lib/apt/lists/lock Warning: Problem unlinking the file /var/lib/apt/lists/partial/.apt-acquire-privs-test.foxhPQ - IsAccessibleBySandboxUser (30: Read-only file system) Warning: Problem unlinking the file /var/lib/apt/lists/partial/.apt-acquire-privs-test.ZQLLDs - IsAccessibleBySandboxUser (30: Read-only file system) Warning: Problem unlinking the file /var/lib/apt/lists/partial/.apt-acquire-privs-test.k64ifr - IsAccessibleBySandboxUser (30: Read-only file system) Warning: Problem unlinking the file /var/lib/apt/lists/partial/.apt-acquire-privs-test.kWgd4F - IsAccessibleBySandboxUser (30: Read-only file system) Warning: Problem unlinking the file /var/lib/apt/lists/partial/.apt-acquire-privs-test.pSkidL - IsAccessibleBySandboxUser (30: Read-only file system) Warning: Problem unlinking the file /var/lib/apt/lists/partial/.apt-acquire-privs-test.PoF76X - IsAccessibleBySandboxUser (30: Read-only file system) Warning: Problem unlinking the file /var/lib/apt/lists/partial/deb.debian.org_debian_dists_trixie_InRelease - PrepareFiles (30: Read-only file system) Warning: chown to _apt:root of file /var/lib/apt/lists/deb.debian.org_debian_dists_trixie_InRelease failed - Item::QueueURI (30: Read-only file system) Warning: chmod 0600 of file /var/lib/apt/lists/deb.debian.org_debian_dists_trixie_InRelease failed - Item::QueueURI (30: Read-only file system) Warning: Problem unlinking the file /var/lib/apt/lists/partial/deb.debian.org_debian_dists_trixie-updates_InRelease - PrepareFiles (30: Read-only file system) Warning: chown to root:root of file /var/lib/apt/lists/deb.debian.org_debian_dists_trixie_InRelease failed - 201::URIDone (30: Read-only file system) Warning: chmod 0644 of file /var/lib/apt/lists/deb.debian.org_debian_dists_trixie_InRelease failed - 201::URIDone (30: Read-only file system) Warning: chown to _apt:root of file /var/lib/apt/lists/deb.debian.org_debian_dists_trixie-updates_InRelease failed - Item::QueueURI (30: Read-only file system) Warning: chmod 0600 of file /var/lib/apt/lists/deb.debian.org_debian_dists_trixie-updates_InRelease failed - Item::QueueURI (30: Read-only file system) Warning: Problem unlinking the file /var/lib/apt/lists/partial/security.debian.org_dists_trixie-security_InRelease - PrepareFiles (30: Read-only file system) Warning: chown to root:root of file /var/lib/apt/lists/deb.debian.org_debian_dists_trixie-updates_InRelease failed - 201::URIDone (30: Read-only file system) Warning: chmod 0644 of file /var/lib/apt/lists/deb.debian.org_debian_dists_trixie-updates_InRelease failed - 201::URIDone (30: Read-only file system) Warning: chown to _apt:root of file /var/lib/apt/lists/security.debian.org_dists_trixie-security_InRelease failed - Item::QueueURI (30: Read-only file system) Warning: chmod 0600 of file /var/lib/apt/lists/security.debian.org_dists_trixie-security_InRelease failed - Item::QueueURI (30: Read-only file system) Warning: chown to root:root of file /var/lib/apt/lists/security.debian.org_dists_trixie-security_InRelease failed - 201::URIDone (30: Read-only file system) Warning: chmod 0644 of file /var/lib/apt/lists/security.debian.org_dists_trixie-security_InRelease failed - 201::URIDone (30: Read-only file system) Warning: Problem unlinking the file /var/lib/apt/lists/partial/deb.debian.org_debian_dists_trixie-backports_InRelease - PrepareFiles (30: Read-only file system) Warning: chown to _apt:root of file /var/lib/apt/lists/deb.debian.org_debian_dists_trixie-backports_InRelease failed - Item::QueueURI (30: Read-only file system) Warning: chmod 0600 of file /var/lib/apt/lists/deb.debian.org_debian_dists_trixie-backports_InRelease failed - Item::QueueURI (30: Read-only file system) Warning: Problem unlinking the file /var/lib/apt/lists/partial/github.armbian.com_configng_dists_stable_InRelease - PrepareFiles (30: Read-only file system) Warning: chown to root:root of file /var/lib/apt/lists/deb.debian.org_debian_dists_trixie-backports_InRelease failed - 201::URIDone (30: Read-only file system) Warning: chmod 0644 of file /var/lib/apt/lists/deb.debian.org_debian_dists_trixie-backports_InRelease failed - 201::URIDone (30: Read-only file system) Warning: chown to _apt:root of file /var/lib/apt/lists/github.armbian.com_configng_dists_stable_InRelease failed - Item::QueueURI (30: Read-only file system) Warning: chmod 0600 of file /var/lib/apt/lists/github.armbian.com_configng_dists_stable_InRelease failed - Item::QueueURI (30: Read-only file system) Warning: chown to root:root of file /var/lib/apt/lists/github.armbian.com_configng_dists_stable_InRelease failed - 201::URIDone (30: Read-only file system) Warning: chmod 0644 of file /var/lib/apt/lists/github.armbian.com_configng_dists_stable_InRelease failed - 201::URIDone (30: Read-only file system) Warning: Problem unlinking the file /var/lib/apt/lists/partial/apt.armbian.com_dists_trixie_InRelease - PrepareFiles (30: Read-only file system) Warning: Problem unlinking the file /var/lib/apt/lists/partial/apt.armbian.com_dists_trixie_Release - PrepareFiles (30: Read-only file system) Error: The repository 'http://apt.armbian.com trixie Release' no longer has a Release file. Notice: Updating from such a repository can't be done securely, and is therefore disabled by default. Notice: See apt-secure(8) manpage for repository creation and user configuration details. Warning: Problem unlinking the file /var/lib/apt/lists/github.armbian.com_configng_dists_stable_main_binary-all_Packages - TransItem::TransactionCommit (30: Read-only file system) Warning: Problem unlinking the file /var/lib/apt/lists/deb.debian.org_debian_dists_trixie_main_binary-all_Packages - TransItem::TransactionCommit (30: Read-only file system) Warning: Problem unlinking the file /var/lib/apt/lists/deb.debian.org_debian_dists_trixie_contrib_binary-all_Packages - TransItem::TransactionCommit (30: Read-only file system) Warning: Problem unlinking the file /var/lib/apt/lists/deb.debian.org_debian_dists_trixie_non-free_binary-all_Packages - TransItem::TransactionCommit (30: Read-only file system) Warning: Problem unlinking the file /var/lib/apt/lists/deb.debian.org_debian_dists_trixie_non-free-firmware_binary-all_Packages - TransItem::TransactionCommit (30: Read-only file system) Warning: Problem unlinking the file /var/lib/apt/lists/deb.debian.org_debian_dists_trixie-updates_contrib_binary-arm64_Packages - TransItem::TransactionCommit (30: Read-only file system) Warning: Problem unlinking the file /var/lib/apt/lists/deb.debian.org_debian_dists_trixie-updates_main_binary-all_Packages - TransItem::TransactionCommit (30: Read-only file system) Warning: Problem unlinking the file /var/lib/apt/lists/deb.debian.org_debian_dists_trixie-updates_non-free-firmware_binary-all_Packages - TransItem::TransactionCommit (30: Read-only file system) Warning: Problem unlinking the file /var/lib/apt/lists/deb.debian.org_debian_dists_trixie-updates_non-free_binary-all_Packages - TransItem::TransactionCommit (30: Read-only file system) Warning: Problem unlinking the file /var/lib/apt/lists/deb.debian.org_debian_dists_trixie-updates_contrib_binary-all_Packages - TransItem::TransactionCommit (30: Read-only file system) Warning: Problem unlinking the file /var/lib/apt/lists/deb.debian.org_debian_dists_trixie-updates_non-free_binary-arm64_Packages - TransItem::TransactionCommit (30: Read-only file system) Warning: Problem unlinking the file /var/lib/apt/lists/deb.debian.org_debian_dists_trixie-updates_non-free-firmware_binary-arm64_Packages - TransItem::TransactionCommit (30: Read-only file system) Warning: Problem unlinking the file /var/lib/apt/lists/deb.debian.org_debian_dists_trixie-backports_non-free_binary-arm64_Packages - TransItem::TransactionCommit (30: Read-only file system) Warning: Problem unlinking the file /var/lib/apt/lists/deb.debian.org_debian_dists_trixie-backports_non-free-firmware_binary-all_Packages - TransItem::TransactionCommit (30: Read-only file system) Warning: Problem unlinking the file /var/lib/apt/lists/deb.debian.org_debian_dists_trixie-backports_non-free_binary-all_Packages - TransItem::TransactionCommit (30: Read-only file system) Warning: Problem unlinking the file /var/lib/apt/lists/deb.debian.org_debian_dists_trixie-backports_contrib_binary-all_Packages - TransItem::TransactionCommit (30: Read-only file system) Warning: Problem unlinking the file /var/lib/apt/lists/deb.debian.org_debian_dists_trixie-backports_main_binary-all_Packages - TransItem::TransactionCommit (30: Read-only file system) Warning: Problem unlinking the file /var/lib/apt/lists/security.debian.org_dists_trixie-security_non-free_binary-all_Packages - TransItem::TransactionCommit (30: Read-only file system) Warning: Problem unlinking the file /var/lib/apt/lists/security.debian.org_dists_trixie-security_main_binary-all_Packages - TransItem::TransactionCommit (30: Read-only file system) Warning: Problem unlinking the file /var/lib/apt/lists/security.debian.org_dists_trixie-security_non-free-firmware_binary-all_Packages - TransItem::TransactionCommit (30: Read-only file system) Warning: Problem unlinking the file /var/lib/apt/lists/security.debian.org_dists_trixie-security_contrib_binary-all_Packages - TransItem::TransactionCommit (30: Read-only file system) Warning: Problem unlinking the file /var/lib/apt/lists/security.debian.org_dists_trixie-security_non-free-firmware_binary-arm64_Packages - TransItem::TransactionCommit (30: Read-only file system) Warning: Problem unlinking the file /var/lib/apt/lists/security.debian.org_dists_trixie-security_non-free_binary-arm64_Packages - TransItem::TransactionCommit (30: Read-only file system) Warning: Problem unlinking the file /var/lib/apt/lists/security.debian.org_dists_trixie-security_contrib_binary-arm64_Packages - TransItem::TransactionCommit (30: Read-only file system) Warning: Not using locking for read only lock file /var/lib/dpkg/lock-frontend Warning: Not using locking for read only lock file /var/lib/dpkg/lock Error: Archives directory /var/cache/apt/archives/partial is missing. - Acquire (2: No such file or directory) Warning: chown to _apt:root of directory /var/lib/apt/lists/partial failed - SetupAPTPartialDirectory (30: Read-only file system) Warning: chmod 0700 of directory /var/lib/apt/lists/partial failed - SetupAPTPartialDirectory (30: Read-only file system) Warning: chown to _apt:root of directory /var/lib/apt/lists/auxfiles failed - SetupAPTPartialDirectory (30: Read-only file system) Warning: chmod 0755 of directory /var/lib/apt/lists/auxfiles failed - SetupAPTPartialDirectory (30: Read-only file system) Warning: Not using locking for read only lock file /var/lib/apt/lists/lock Warning: Not using locking for read only lock file /var/lib/dpkg/lock-frontend Warning: Not using locking for read only lock file /var/lib/dpkg/lock Error: Archives directory /var/cache/apt/archives/partial is missing. - Acquire (2: No such file or directory) armbian-install only shows /dev/ but lsblk and blkid can see all drives. I am sorry for the long post.

perhaps someone who's more knowledgeable could update the script to work on newer versions than buster, like bookworm or trixie?