Our Debian and our Ubuntu always use the exact same kernel. There is no difference. But each userspace release (Debian Jessie, Debian Stretch, Ubuntu Xenial or Ubuntu Bionic) can have different kernels: default = usually old legacy one (3.4.y), next = modern 4.14.y (atm), dev = modern 4.17.y ... I assume you are not planning to use a generic "Debian" kernel from www.debian.org? It might work but it would be a step back.
Can Neo, regardless of the operating system, boot from SSD disk? No, it can't. You always need an SD card, but you can run it from SSD. https://docs.armbian.com/User-Guide_Getting-Started/#how-to-install-to-emmc-nand-sata-usb